Nietzsches New Morality as Reaction to the Old Essay

Nietzsches New Morality as Reaction to the Old The purpose of Friedrich Nietzsches On The Genealogy of Morals (1887) is to answer the following questions, which he clearly lays out in the preface: under what conditions did man devise these value judgments good and evil? And what value do they themselves possess? Have they hitherto hindered or furthered human prosperity? Are they a sign of distress, of impoverishment, of the degeneration of life? Or is there revealed in them, on the contrary, a plenitude, force, and will of life, its courage, certainty, future? (17). These questions come about from Nietzsches rejection of the Darwinian-Spencerian-utilitarian explanation of morality, characterized by his portrayal of the†¦show more content†¦They believe that natural selection promotes altruism because it favors the existence of society and the survival of groups. With principles of selection in mind, the good thus becomes what is socially useful while the bad becomes what is harmful to society and others. Soon one f orgets why altruistic actions are good in the first place, but since this system of value is already so ingrained in ones mind, one continues acting out of altruism—what man always has done becomes what man always does. Nietzsche certainly has in mind Paul Rà ©e, Charles Darwin, Herbert Spencer, and other English utilitarian philosophers (Mill, Bentham et al) when he speaks of the English psychologists. In fact he writes in the preface that Rà ©es book, The Origin of the Moral Sensations (1877), first gave him the impetus to publish his own origin of morality (17-18). Nietzsche refutes this genealogy of morals, however: ThisShow MoreRelatedThe Philosophies of Friedrich Nietzsche Essay1003 Words   |  5 Pageshas had authority and influence in both intellect and politics around the world over. He had a unique dissemination style, and it is through this style that his work has had sharp reactions across the board. Those who hated his writings hated it with a passion, and those who loved it loved it with a passion. Nietzsche’s works are widespread and his view is that God is dead. This is not meant literally but in the context that the Christians faith is not gaining followers but that there is an explosionRead More Exegesis and Critique of Nietzsche’s Conception of Guilt In The Second Essay of On the Genealogy of Morality2429 Words   |  10 PagesExegesis and Critique of Nietzsche’s Conception of Guilt In The Second Essay of On the Genealogy of Morality In the Second Essay of On the Genealogy of Morals (titled â€Å"â€Å"Guilt,† â€Å"Bad Conscience,† and the Like†), Nietzsche formulates an interesting conception of the origin and function of guilt feelings and â€Å"bad conscience.† Nietzsche’s discussion of this topic is rather sophisticated and includes sub-arguments for the ancient equivalence of the concepts of debt and guilt and the existence of anRead More Enslavement of the Individual in Capitalist Society as Viewed by Marx2461 Words   |  10 Pages Bourgeois society enslaves the individual such that any attempt to transcend ones environmental limitations results in self-destruction. 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Dostoevsky was noted for his Russian literary classics and wouldRead MoreThe Attorney For The Damned1629 Words   |  7 PagesOn August 22, 1924 the famous orator Clarence Darrow, dubbed â€Å"the attorney for the damned.† begins his 12 hour-long closing arguments, for the most covered news story since World War I. Darrow mixes ethos and logos appeals, bringing tears to the eyes of the judge and many in the courtroom, to serve justice by saving his clients, Leopold and Loeb from the death penalty. Darrow implores the Judge to spare the lives of Leopold and Loeb. As Dar row said, â€Å"I am pleading for life†¦I am pleading that weRead MoreEthical Ethics : Ethical Or Unethical3134 Words   |  13 Pagesfirst-hand the effects of the pressure of being pregnant at a young age. While I did not support my best friend resorting to drugs and alcohol, I supported her desire to get an abortion. For this ethical controversy, my support was more of a gut reaction than something I had to think about. Of course I would support my friend in whatever her life choices are, but I had to think critically if the idea of abortion was okay with me. Seeing her go through this helped me realize that I would probablyRead More Marx and Nietzsches Theories Essay3981 Words   |  16 PagesMarx and Nietzsches Theories Society is flawed. There are critical imbalances in it that cause much of humanity to suffer. In, the most interesting work from this past half-semester, The Communist Manifesto, Karl Marx is reacting to this fact by describing his vision of a perfectly balanced society, a communist society. Simply put, a communist society is one where all property is held in common. No one person has more than the other, but rather everyone shares in the fruits of their labors. MarxRead More Exploring Existentialism and the Character Leanord in the Film, Memento1993 Words   |  8 Pagesany philosophical basis for Memento, the film provides a character, Leonard Shelby, who serves as an example of several aspects of existentialism. Through Leonard, Memento illustrates Soren Kierkegaards idea of truth as subjectivity, Freidrich Nietzsches notion that God is dead, and Jean-Paul Sartres writings on the nature of consciousness. In Concluding Unscientific Postscript, Kierkegaard differentiates between the subject as the knower, and the world (object) as the known: the only way weRead MoreTess of the DUrbervilles4471 Words   |  18 Pagesher true feelings concerning his stay in Brazil. However, in the end, Tess writes: Come to me Ââ€" come to me, and save me from what threatens me! She does not receive an answer from Angel. On the contrary, when she returns home she is again facing new problems: her father dies and the family has to move out from Marlott. Tess is also aware that the people of Marlott view her as a sinner. The combination of these facts induce Tess to write again to Angel, this time in a more bitter tone. She accusesRead Morewisdom,humor and faith19596 Words   |  79 Pagescertainty.† Milan Kundera, Testaments Betrayed (1995), 9, 32-33. â€Å"When people ask me if theres an afterlife, I answer, ‘If I knew, I would tell you.’† Art Buchwald,  Too Soon to Say Goodbye (2006), 29. ——————————————— â€Å"I can’t imagine a wise old person who can’t laugh.† So said psychologist Erik Erikson, and many wisdom researchers say the same about a wise person of any age.1 But the more we look at the connection between wisdom and humor, the more we realize the subject cannot be adequately

Essay on Animal Testing - 1383 Words

Biology and Behavior Animal testing is not a problem in today’s society because it is beneficial to humans. It seems unethical to put animals through such pain and torture, but if we stopped it completely there would be a large amount of human lives lost. How could this be? The further advancements in medical and technological science is inevitable. Therefore, if the testing must be done to learn more about the brain and body, which species (animals or man) seems expendable for such testing. The real question is which species is more ethical to test on. For example, a rat is given an injection with a drug and watched regularly for the period of a month. At the end of the month the rat is injected with a lethal toxin and dissected for†¦show more content†¦There has been so much learned due to animal testing that the consequences of using animals for experiments far out weighs the notion to stop using them. Vaccines, health problems, and theories of the brain works have all come about from animal testing. For example, a researcher named Jose Delgado implanted an electrode in a particular spot of the hypothalamus of a bull bred for bull fighting. The experiment returned the result that aggression can be turned on or off by stimulating certain areas of the hypothalamus. Also, the sensation of pleasure can be produced when the right place of the hypothalamus is stimulated (Wood amp; Wood,1999, p. 47-48). Knowledge such as this could only have come about through experiments with animals. The knowledge obtained can now be recorded and used for other purposes. On the other hand, what if the electrode were implanted on a human, and the human died as a result of the experiment. Which animal (man or bull) is a greater loss to the society? The humans unexpected death will be mourned by family and relatives for years to come. On the other side there are those activists as well as average citizens that see animal testing as a wrong doing. They believe that there is no cause worthy enough to put the animals through such large amounts of cruelty. In fact there are large groups of people that spend their livesShow MoreRelatedAnimal Testing678 Words   |  3 Pages Animal testing is a controversial topic in today’s society, much more than it was 100’s of years ago. Testing on animals was practiced long ago, and is still practiced today. Greek writings about vivisection [the dissection of a live organism] can be found dated as early as 500 BC. At that time, in Ancient Rome and Alexandria, and later in Greece, vivisection was originally practiced on human criminals, but prohibitions on the mutilation of the human body soon arose. This caused a reliance on animalsRead MoreTesting On Animals : The Dangers Of Animal Testing1375 Words   |  6 Pagesnumber of animals that undergo constant suffering in the name of human vanity. Animal testing was originally introduced in the early 20th century and is still prominent today. It is morally unacceptable to experiment on animals for human purposes. The procedures used in animal testing are cruel and inhumane, nor are they the most reliable source of data; resulting in many mishaps. Moreover , with the perpetual advancements in technology, there are several alternative methods making animal testing unnecessaryRead MoreHuman Testing : The Benefits Of Animal Testing802 Words   |  4 PagesAnimal testing has helped us for years discover cures for sickness in humans and sometimes even animals. But as long as they test the animals humanely, animals can be tortured with pain from the testing. However many efforts are being made to reduce the testing to a minimum. Scientists know that without the tests they wouldn’t know how to check the safety of new drugs. If there was no animal testing scientists would have probably resulted into something very unacceptable, human testing. And scientistsRead MoreThe Cruelty of Animal Testing1644 Words   |  7 PagesAnimal testing is a completely unnecessary act of cruelty and should not be allowed for various reasons. It is superfluous for innocent animals to undergo chemical testing of any sort, not only do they suffer, but there are other more humane alternatives to test products. Many people who are in favor of animal testing do not know of these safer more humane alternatives. Many methods have been developed to help stop animal testing, and improve the health system of all human beings. A significantRead MoreThe Importance Of Animal Testing1240 Words   |  5 Pages Animal testing has long played a part in the science of testing, and it still plays a very important role in the medical world. Testing on animals in order to create a cure for AIDS is one thing, but testing on animals for human vanity is another. Animal testing is used to test the safety of a product. It has kept some very unsafe substances out of the cosmetic world. However, in this day in age, animal testing is not the only way to test the safety of a product. Animal testing in cosmetics hasRead MoreThe Negatives of Animal Testing1027 Words   |  5 Pageshave been tested on animals; from lipstick and shampoo to dish soap and foot powder. Even the white ink on an MM has been tested on animals. To some, this statement may be alarming and even disturbing – to others it may not mean much at all. Either way, the debate over animal testing has gained much popularity in recent decades. Animal testing has been done since at least 500 BC; even Aristotle experimented on animals for scientific reasoning. Around 200 AD, dissecting animals in public was actuallyRead More Animal Testing Essay710 Words   |  3 Pagesanimal testing â€Å"Beauty without cruelty† is the outcry that can be heard from animal right activists around the world. The FDA does not require companies to perform tests on animals but if the cosmetic product contains chemicals that can be seen as toxins, testing becomes a necessity. There are currently thirteen safety tests that are performed on animals. Anti-testing activists deem these unnecessary and consider them to be cruel. â€Å"Fourteen million animals are used currently in the U.SRead MoreThe Rights Of Animal Testing2041 Words   |  9 Pagesrights of all animals with further argument or debates, do humans have the right to use animals on medical testing and lab use? There are several issues that can be placed in this argument this research will acknowledge four important topics in the rights of animal testing. Is it right to use animals for testing? Is it right to compare animal DNA to human DNA in these animal experiments? Is it right to use real animals instead of computers to generate results? Is it right to state animals are beingRead MoreThe Efficiency Of Animal Testing1394 Words   |  6 PagesEfficiency of Animal Testing For many years, the primary way to make advances in biomedical science was through experimentation on animals, also known as vivisection. This method involves using different species of animals in experiments and developmental procedures to determine toxicity, dosing, and effectiveness of test drugs before proceeding to human clinical trials. However; the use of animals in testing laboratories is becoming less common due to improved alternative options. Animal experimentationRead MoreAnimals for Testing754 Words   |  3 Pagesslowly and painfully dying. We use animals for testing new products, like medications and beauty products that we end up using. Why should animals be put through such pain and agony for something we need? We are selfish and think we are the superior species, so we use animals instead of us. In my opinion, animals should not be used for testing and researching new products. Each year, more than 100 million animals are killed during testing. Some of those animals end up dying before the experiment

Toefl Independent Free Essays

Many people have learned a foreign language in their own country; others have learned a foreign language in the country in which it is spoken. Which is better? Give the advantages of each and support your viewpoint. Today the majority of ambitious young students try hard to learn as many languages as possible. We will write a custom essay sample on Toefl Independent or any similar topic only for you Order Now Some prefer to learn a foreign language in just their own country. I think learning this way enables you to learn by using your native language in terms of difficulties you might face. Another advantage of this way is that you learn together with your friends, and this is very encouraging. However, learning a foreign language in the country where it is spoken helps you to improve your pronunciation, speak as clearly as native speakers and learn more new words. Moreover, in a foreign country you are just forced to speak everything in a foreign language. Learning a foreign language in your native country is very effective, especially, for beginners. In general, people of beginner level of a foreign language, frequently need translations or detailed explanations of matters. They might also need assistance in grammar structures. From these points of view, I believe that people of your own country would be more helpful by providing you useful guides in your native language. Moreover, learning a foreign language in your own country would be very encouraging because your friends are together with you. In my opinion, it would be more enjoyable as well as efficient if working together on a foreign language, speaking it and attending conversation clubs. In a foreign country, however, you can be able to pronounce words very clearly since you hear true pronunciations of words whole the day. In addition, you can learn more words from native speakers. You can also improve your speaking rate. Because you are not able to use your native language, it will always be needed to express your ideas in a foreign language as quickly as possible. In conclusion, I want to mention that I prefer learning a foreign language in my own country. First, I can get the help of my teachers when needed. Besides, staying in a foreign country and learning a language would cost me much. How to cite Toefl Independent, Papers

Developing Hospitality Properties and Facilities

Question: Discuss about the Developing Hospitality Properties and Facilities. Answer: Introduction: An employee goes through rigorous training while doing work in the hospitality industry sector through many training methods. According to the researcher, human resource management put a lot of emphasis on training the employees respectively as it is one of the best ways to improve their service quality. Novotel Industries put entire focus on their customers and they think that people are the best assets of their business and it is very important to provide them good quality of services. Recruitment is done of the employees by setting the best possible standards and after critical scrutiny. It should always be taken into action that customer expectations and their perceptions about different services vary from people to people. Therefore, it is very important for the employees to be able to provide and evaluate best possible service quality to them and cater the distinct needs of their reputable guests. Moreover, not just giving training or providing expertise in one individual hospi tality industry also put entire focus on developing teamwork (Francis, 2016). As they feel that teamwork is very important aspect while providing services to their customers. Therefore, it can be observed that employees are one of the most important pillars of an organizational sector of hospitality and tourism sector so it is very important to provide them with adequate of training and educating them on different aspect of hospitality services. Staff training of Novotel contributes to increase productivity of the organization and always tries to improve the service quality and developed professional knowledge while working with them. the organization generally provide on the job training to their employees which mean they learn while doing their actual work in the workplace (Dhar, 2015). Therefore, the organization considers training as one of the crucial elements of their objectives and it is the key towards motivating an employee and also to enrich their job performance. Accordin g to the researchers, the core principle of providing training to the employees is as follows: To help every individual to become more united and to respect the team work To maintain and build strong ties between operational staffs and the managers To improve the quality of professional knowledge and expertise that will help the employees to meet their clients needs and also to deliver higher level of service quality to them To enhance and improve the capabilities of employees and strengthens their expertise to acquire competitive advantage To critically improve the professional abilities and personal characteristics of individual employees To expand the growth of the business and improvement in the efficacy of the business performance (Boella Goss-Tunner, 2013) The different types of training that we received to become more progressive and successful are as follows: The on the job training of Novotel consists of providing training to their employees while they are working with them. This is one of the most important ways to provide training as it is basically given during the working hours and the management has a very good chance to reduce their costs of expenditure on training by implementing. This type of training provides an opportunity for the employees through learn while watching others and observing their behaviors and procedures accordingly (Law, Leung Lee, 2013). For example, a junior or freshly recruited employee is given proper time to observe the senior employees on how they do their work and learn from them. It is one of the quick and most efficient methods of learning by doing. Job rotation is one of the methods of training that is used by the Novotel Industries to improve the learning skills and providing education to their employees in a modernized way. Job rotation is also called cross training as it includes to move a worker form a current position and placing them into a new job role (Chiang, Birtch Cai, 2014). This is basically done to provide the employees with all levels of experience in the hospitality and tourisms sector as by the help of job rotation an employee have the privilege to work on different departments of the hotel. This is one of the most important methods of training as it helps the employees to improve their job satisfaction and teamwork with other employees is also implemented. Formal training of the employees are also initiated by Novotel as soon as they are been placed in the Hotels, Formal training is a type of training that is given to the employees to increase their knowledge, abilities and skills into different aspects of tourism sector. The formal training method is done by organizing seminars, workshops and courses. The organization Novotel has developed their own standards of services that consist of setting the best possible standards to meet the expectations of their premium clients. The organization also developed hospitality management courses, the employees are given training based on that, and trained management staffs do proper evaluations of the employees (Bharwani Jauhari, 2013). Moreover, various workshops are also implanted inside the premises of the hotel to develop learning process of the employees. For example, in the workshop, there are accumulations of best employees of the organization and they share and communicate with the employees to solve their problems and enhance education of tourism sector within them. Informal training is a type of training methods that is not adopted by the management but it is a type of reflection that is gained while working in an organization. The management does not spend any amount of cost in this type of training. Informal training is done by gaining experience from work and by critically observing the mistakes of an individual and rectifying it accordingly (Riley, 2014). Most of the employees do not even understand when and how they are getting informal training but it is happening all around themselves in steady space. Moreover, informal training is not that important as formal training but it also has importance in the long run for an individual growth and success is always depended on how he/she can address to their own mistakes and tries to learn from them with experience (Zaitseva et al., 2016). As per Torres Adler, manpower is the most valuable asset for an organization (Boella Goss-Turner, 2013). However, the statement can only be justified if it is handled with proper care. Sometimes, employers do get such employees, which are worth for the organization because of sheer skills that they have. They open up ways for the organization for the irrespective of their working domain. However, this is also an undeniable fact that most of the organizations have such employees that needs proper development to match up with the organizational requirement. It does not at all mean that those employees have no skills. It can never happen because they are hired after matching their credential with the job requirement. However, in a broader aspect, it means that they need some grooming session for enriching their qualities even further to meet with the employer requirement. This is where the training the development program comes into picture (Ransley Ingram, 2012). Training is given to employees that are newly hired but it has its different importance for those employees that are existing in the Company. Moreover, it helps in grooming and developing them further, which depends on the changing nature of the business operation. Every sector has different requirements and expectations from its employees but one factor is common to all, which is an employability skill. For the Novotel, training development program keeps its own importance for several of its business strategies, which they have eyed on achieving. The Company has proposed a program such as Planet 21 with which it has targeted on achieving some goals based on their strategic priorities. The objectives are such as getting closer to employees, letting our guests involved, using innovation with partners, serving the local communities and Sustainable buildings foods (Hoque, 2013). To the learner, it becomes very necessary to implement some of the development into him role apart from his skills. The initial training, which the learner has in the Novotel hotel, has helped him in getting a broader control on the responsibilities that it has to perform in the Company. However, to become a graduate employee for the employer, it needs further development in some of the core areas that are very important from the point of view of the employer. Apart from the skills, that have fetched this job to the learner, it has some other areas for the development such as to contribute in a process to bring the united output in the operation. It also consist many others such as to make familiar with every team member, to focus on improving the professional skills. Moreover, it also contains few others such as to meet with the changing nature of the clients, to enhance the competitiveness spirit to look for innovative approach to benefit the Company. Nevertheless, it also enhances the business output for which the hiring of the learner has been done (Mok, Sparks Kadampully, 2013). For the development of professional skills, training at the regular basis may be an important move from the Company. The grooming of professional skills can well be justified from the training team of the Novotel Hotel that are engaged in imparting basic learning classes to the newly hired employees. Moreover, for the development of professional skills, the training at the regular basis is of utmost requirement in the Novotel Hotel. The learner can also make this happen in the Company by approaching to him or her supervisor for making request on the conduction of training at the regular basis. The learner can cite the importance of staff development for the hotel industry, which is need for creating realization about the necessity of conducting development program. The learner can try to show the importance of development program for the fulfillment of the organizational goal, which is to satisfy our clients with extensive range of fresh and healthy foods. Moreover, customer service is another very important part of the Novotel Hotel. To achieve the organizational goal, the introduction of a regular basis development program is of utmost importance for the Company (Nickson, 2013). For the rest of the development apart from the professional grooming of the learner, it needs to take examples of leadership skills that encourage one to perform its role to the fullest of possibilities. Nevertheless, a set of qualities that a leader bears is the best institution the one can get for its personal grooming. Some of the most feasible leadership qualities for the development of the learner in the Novotel Hotel are such as confidence, simplicity, motivation, enthusiasm, innovation and patience (Nkechi, Emeh Ikechukwu Okechukwu, 2012). Confidence is an important key for the learner as this gives realization about the positivity of the character. Moreover, it is of utmost importance that the learner has beliefs on him credentials as it plays supportive hands to the execution of tasks (Spenceley, 2012). Simplicity is another very important characteristic that helps in reaching the ground level of the operation (Chon Yu, 2012). Motivation is one of the most important of the entire characteristic as this gives confidence to its bearer for the irrespective kinds of works. For the learner, it is very important that it remains motivated during him or her participation in the hotel. This is also helpful in absorbing various unexpected experiences that might happen during the participation (Lashley, 2012). Enthusiasm comes from the confidence and the motivational approach. Innovation is another very important part of characteristics that the learner needs to have during the participation in the Company. This is such a quality, which encourages for new ideas that can benefit both the learner and the organization. However, innovation comes from both the motivational approach and the professional skills. Training development program also helps in thinking for the innovative ideas (Mensah Dei Mensah, 2013). Patience is perhaps the most effective of all the characteristic of a leadership quality because of the results, which it produces to its bearer. Patience is something that helps in holding aggression in some unwanted situation during the job. The hotel industry is a very vast sector and Novotel is part of such industry. It is already engaged in several of activities and has set numerous of strategies for the future. To be a part of such a vast Company and the industry, the learner needs to be patient while operating its tasks as this is helpful for a long participation in the Company. Customer service is one of the core features of the Novotel Company. Nevertheless, the learner might have to face varied range of customers of which some might not be very cooperative. Moreover, in such circumstances, it becomes important for the learner to hold him or her nerves to maintain a supreme level of customer service (Laguador Ramos, 2014). On interviewing the food and beverage manager of the hotel, he said I am a firm believer in the quality that is expected in serving the customers who walk in the restaurant. As a part of an esteemed organization, my focus is on serving the customers with quality, which is very important in this business. When asked about the requirements for the position he said I particularly prefer those people who show the capability to solve the problems in an efficient and in a quick manner. The person needs to have good knowledge about the organization and the type of customers that it serves so that the person can come well prepared with all the solutions. The candidate needs to solve the problems with the limited resources he/she will have access to at that given point of time. I however have to mention the downside as well, which the candidates should avoid that is to not be too modest and make the opportunity count that he/she is getting. When asked about the strength and weaknesses of the managerial position he said the strengths have to be well rehearsed by the candidates as they have to study the background of the company. The candidate needs to highlight the strength that is necessary at that point of time in the business. The weaknesses can be those that are hidden in the strengths. For example, every person likes to get challenged, but can be used as a weakness as well where the candidate can say that he does not like to get challenged at work. When asked about the typical job that he does in the organization, he replied the job is diversified in many roles some of those that are topmost priority is to manage the service of the customers and greeting and acknowledging all the members and the guests that come to the organization. Managing the rooms, lounges, beverages and the catering of the guests has to be seen so that the guests get all the luxuries that they are expecting from the organization. The hiring, managing and training of the technical and the non-te chnical aspects has to be given to the staffs by him so that it is up to the standards that are required in the hotel. I also take up the responsibility of Manager on Duty (MOD) when the staffs are having a rotation in the shifts so that the remaining staffs can be organized and the work can carry on in a planned manner. The manager also has to maintain a proper communication network with the other departments, which helps in ensuring that the assigned duties to the staffs are carried out in an efficient manner. To be an effective manager in the food and beverage industry, the manager has to have several skills. Firstly, leadership skill is very important, as it will help the manager to remain motivated at all times, trustworthy and optimistic in its outlook. The manager needs to have a clear vision of what he wants to achieve and set a positive example so that it encourages others to follow the path. The manager needs to set clear-cut policies so that the quality of work does not get hampered in the organization (Johnston Marshall, 2016). The best employees need to be selected for the tasks so that the skills can be used to the maximum extent, which will help in completing the task on a faster rate. The resources need to be available so that the timeline can be framed for the project and the task can be completed in the allotted time. Secondly, interpersonal skill is very important for the managers to work effectively in the organization as it helps in communicating with the employees in a clear manner. The skill will help the manager to remain calm and be assertive at the same point on the employees so that good relations can be maintained with the colleagues as well as the customers. Good communication can be improved when the managers can be good listeners. Listening attentively to the queries or the problems of the customers or the colleagues helps in solving the issues on a faster rate (Daft, 2014). The third skill will be the ability to solve the problems that arises in the workplace. This skill is considered one of the most complex abilities intellectually. The leaders need to have good thinking capacity and at the same time be critical so that the thought process can be clear and rational, which helps in solving the problems systematically and making the right decisions. The manager needs to maintain a team of technicians so that the emergent problems can come to the managers in the first point. By doing this, the manager can gather the informations quickly so that the decisions can be made effectively and on a faster note (Goetsch Davis, 2014). The manager needs to have experience in developing the people that are hired by the organization. This helps in developing the skills of the employees in the workers so that the level of output can be increased in the organization. A successful manager will be able to work with the subordinates so that the areas of improvement can be identified and help them with proper training and development that the employees require. The identification of development needs to be done, which will help because it shows that some can be developed with further training and education while some employees may need to be given responsibilities, which will help them in developing their traits (Griffin, 2013). The managers need to provide the employees regular classes on sharing their knowledge, which will help the employees in sharing their information, experiences and ideas. The more experienced employees need to develop the less experienced employees so that an overall effect can be positive in the or ganization. The potential employees in the organization need to be awarded by the managers so that it keeps them motivated in the workplace and they can provide with more output in the organization. This will help in the creation of long-term development in the career of the employees by helping them to perform and be more productive in the workplace (Proctor, 2014). Skills with respect to time management are also important to be an effective manager because it helps the manager to organize and plan the work in advance in the organization. This will help in controlling the stress with respect to the deadlines in completing the tasks. A good time management is required, which needs to be done by shifting the thinking capability and getting the task done within the specified period. This skill is developed over a period and needs to be honed by the managers whenever it is possible in the organization (Thompson, 2015). The other skill that is required in the manager to handle the work effectively in the organization is teamwork. It is one of the most efficient ways of getting the tasks done in an organization. In working in a team, many members help in making the work lighter so that the deadlines of the tasks will not be missed and can be completed on time. Teamwork leads in making better decisions with the products and services that are available in the organization. The members of the team need to be respectful to each other, cooperative and flexible so that the team can be committed to the task that has been handed to them (Moran, Abramson Moran, 2014). The manager needs to identify the strengths of the employees so that the members can be put in the teams that have the same skill attributes and help in maximizing the productivity of the team. The manager needs to ensure that through the proper teamwork and collaboration of the team members will help in achieving the target of the organization . The manager needs to have the adaptability skill that will help them to work in any business conditions. Since the modern markets and the businesses are evolving on a faster rate, the tools and the technologies are becoming more complex. It gives more stress on the health and safety of the workers in the organization. To become an effective manager, they need to adapt the changes that are being developed in the modern world. Being able to adapt in the modern world, will help the managers to increase the communication ability with other people (Bridges Bridges, 2017). The managers need to have the stress management skill, which will help in handling the stress in a better way, which will help in defining the difference between failure and success. It helps in controlling the products that may lead to stress in an organization. If the managers can avoid the situation then the situation of stress will never appear in the organization (Daft, 2014). To support the development programme in the learner during him or her participation in the Novotel Hotel, it require setting of some action plans that could well provide a supportive hands for it. Following are the list of 10 steps that are important for the learners career plan in the hotel: Skills assessment is one of those plans that is important for the learner to achieve the performance of a graduate level. It includes the analysis of the skills, which the learner has. It also includes those skills that are required to develop in the learner to become a graduate employee of him or her organization (Tesone, 2012). Analysing the knowledge is another very important part of the future action plan, which is similar in nature to the skills. It revolves around the present subject knowledge of the learner. It also covers the knowledge that is required for the learner to meet with the expectation level of the hotel (Dotong, 2014). Setting up a clear vision forms an important part of the action plan that prepares an individual for the graduate level quality. It includes making decisions on the different roles that the learner is seeking in the Novotel to evolve him or her as a gradate employee. It also includes planning up the time limit for the achievement of the complete development in the learner (Lester, 2015). Identification of assets for fulfilling the vision is also very important part of the plan as this include decision making on the assets that are worth for the learner in course of achieving the set vision. It includes many things such as the limit of suffering for the learner in case of not achieving the desired vision (Abraham, 2012). Identifying the willingness is also very important for the learner as this is helpful in providing and setting up a career objective for the learner during him or her participation in the hotel (Lockyer, 2013). To identify the support that the learner might require during him or her job in the Novotel is another very important factor. This is very helpful in short listing the resources that are needed for the preparation of graduate level of employability (Hudzik McCarthy, 2012). Assessing the personal capabilities is another important part of the action plan that is required for the learner in analyzing the place for the improvement in him or her. Moreover, it is also very useful in setting up recommendations for the learner to meet with the development program needed for acquiring the graduate level of employability (Ferns, 2012). Preparation of a self-development program is useful along with the development program that is required in the learners Company for meeting with the industry standard (Pool Sewell, 2013). To identify the skills those are transferrable helps in utilizing the experiences on the current job. Moreover, the learner needs to analyze the useful experiences that can become feasible with the current job role in the Novotel Company. This is also one of the most important parts of an action plan for acquiring the graduate employability skills (Wang, 2012). To monitor and evaluate the progress of the action plan forms its own importance for the success of the development program. It plays an important role in providing a controlled action to the learner during the course of its execution. Moreover, it is required to bring the maximum benefit to the learners career growth in the industry (Lester, 2015). The current trends for the recruitment in the hotel industry have taken a shift from the traditional concept, which had supported more to the necessity of including the salary hike in the offerings. However, employees are now more selective in their choice for the jobs. Apart from salary hike, they also look for career development program, job securities and many more. It has put immense pressure on employers as job seekers have a wide range of employers choices, which they can consider in case of any negligence in their demands in the existing Company. Nonetheless, employers are also very concerned for the career development program and many benefits given to employees, so that, they could successfully retain their employees (Lester, 2015). The current trend has more in favor of the action plan for the self-development of the learner in the Novotel Hotel. The Novotel Hotel is a developing Company in Australia, which has set few target goals for the organization. The organizational strategies of the Company such as providing utmost service to the clients can never happen without any innovative approach. Nevertheless, the learner has come up with some of the innovative ideas to develop its skills and become a graduate employee. Possibilities are immense there for the supports of the management on the learners career development plan (Wang, 2012). The learner can approach his or her supervisor with its future action plan for getting approval on the plan. Supervisor is the prime contact centre for any employee, which is a medium between the employee and the higher management. Once the action plan gets an approval from the higher management, the learner can well approach to his or her supervisor for availing the required resources. Moreover, the prepared action plan for the learners development to become a graduate level of employee, it needs utter support of its management for the successful execution of the plan (Lashley, 2012). Reference List Abraham, S. C. (Ed.). (2012).Strategic planning: A practical guide for competitive success. Emerald Group Publishing. Bharwani, S., Jauhari, V. (2013). An exploratory study of competencies required to co-create memorable customer experiences in the hospitality industry.International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management,25(6), 823-843. Boella, M., Goss-Turner, S. (2013).Human resource management in the hospitality industry: A guide to best practice. Routledge. Boella, M., Goss-Turner, S. (2013).Human resource management in the hospitality industry: A guide to best practice. Routledge. Bridges, W., Bridges, S. (2017).Managing transitions: Making the most of change. Da Capo Press. Chiang, F. F., Birtch, T. A., Cai, Z. (2014). Front-line service employees job satisfaction in the hospitality industry the influence of job demand variability and the moderating roles of job content and job context factors.Cornell Hospitality Quarterly,55(4), 398-407. Chon, K. S., Yu, L. (2012).The international hospitality business: Management and operations. Routledge. Daft, R. L. (2014).The leadership experience. Cengage Learning. Dhar, R. L. (2015). Service quality and the training of employees: The mediating role of organizational commitment.Tourism Management,46, 419-430. Dotong, C. I. (2014). SchoolRelated Factors in the Development of Graduates Competencies towards Employability.Journal of Education and Literature,2(1), 28-36. Ferns, S. (2012, November). Graduate employability: Teaching staff, employer and graduate perceptions. In2012 Australian Collaborative Education Network National Conference(p. 77). Francis, C. V. (2016). The importance of management training in the hotel industry. Goetsch, D. L., Davis, S. B. (2014).Quality management for organizational excellence. Upper Saddle River, NJ: pearson. Griffin, R. W. (2013).Fundamentals of management. Cengage Learning. Hoque, K. (2013).Human resource management in the hotel industry: Strategy, innovation and performance. Routledge. Hudzik, J. K., McCarthy, J. S. (2012). Leading comprehensive internationalization: Strategy and tactics for action.Washington DC: NAFSA. Johnston, M. W., Marshall, G. W. (2016).Sales force management: Leadership, innovation, technology. Routledge. Laguador, J. M., Ramos, L. R. (2014). Industry-partners preferences for graduates: Input on curriculum development.Journal of Education and Literature,1(1), 1-8. Lashley, C. (2012).Empowerment: HR strategies for service excellence. Routledge. Law, R., Leung, D., Au, N., Lee, H. A. (2013). Progress and development of information technology in the hospitality industry: Evidence from Cornell Hospitality Quarterly.Cornell Hospitality Quarterly,54(1), 10-24. Lester, R. A. (2015).Manpower planning in a free society. Princeton University Press. Lockyer, T. (2013).The international hotel industry: Sustainable management. Routledge. Mensah, I., Dei Mensah, R. (2013).Management of tourism and hospitality services. Xlibris Corporation. Mok, C., Sparks, B., Kadampully, J. (2013).Service quality management in hospitality, tourism, and leisure. Routledge. Moran, R. T., Abramson, N. R., Moran, S. V. (2014).Managing cultural differences. Routledge. Nickson, D. (2013).Human resource management for hospitality, tourism and events. Routledge. Nkechi, A., Emeh Ikechukwu, E. J., Okechukwu, U. F. (2012). Entrepreneurship development and employment generation in Nigeria: Problems and prospects.Universal Journal of Education and General Studies,1(4), 88-102. Pool, L. D., Sewell, P. (2013). A new practical model of graduate employability. InE-Evolve Enhancing Employability Conference 4-5 th September 2007 Brook Building, University of Central Lancashire. Proctor, T. (2014).Creative problem solving for managers: developing skills for decision making and innovation. Routledge. Ransley, J., Ingram, H. (2012).Developing hospitality properties and facilities. Routledge. Riley, M. (2014).Human resource management in the hospitality and tourism industry. Routledge. Spenceley, A. (2012).Responsible tourism: Critical issues for conservation and development. Routledge. Tesone, D. V. (2012).Principles of management for the hospitality industry. Routledge. Thompson, N. (2015).People skills. Palgrave Macmillan. Wang, Y. (2012). Education in a changing world: Flexibility, skills, and employability.World Bank, Washington, DC. Zaitseva, N. A., Larionova, A. A., Skrobotova, O. V., Trufanova, S. N., Dashkova, E. V. (2016). The Mechanism of Business Integration and the Training System for the Tourism Industry.IEJME-Mathematics Education.

Affirmative Action In US Essays - Discrimination, Social Inequality

Affirmative Action In US Affirmative action is wrong and will not help solve the problems minorities face. The reason it is wrong is because it's discrimination. It has no place in today's society in today's society because it does more bad than good. In addition to that most people don't enjoy the presence of affirmative action. Also, it appears that affirmative action can actually be detrimental to employees health. First of all, affirmative action is discrimination, there is no hiding it. When an employer hires anyone because he or she is a minority, even if someone else if more qualified to do the job, it is discrimination. Just because it is reverse discrimination, when whites are discriminated against and minorities are being discriminated for, doesn't make it right. Affirmative action legalizes discrimination (Steele 1990, 39). "I thought discrimination was illegal in this country (Buchanan 1995, 1)." Also, if this discrimination continues racism in the United States may become worse. Imagine what you would feel like if you couldn't get a job just because you are a white man and not a hispanic man. The racism will become worse because of it, and that is the very thing it is trying to prevent. It is possible that because of affirmative action, racism will grow and continue to grow until we history repeats itself and we end up living under Jim Crow laws again. That is an extr! eme possibility to end up under Jim Crow laws again, but it is a definite possibility to end up somewhere close to Jim Crow laws again. In addition to that, people say affirmative action is ok because it cures past discrimination (Keyes 1996, 1). Discrimination wasn't ok when blacks were the ones getting the short end of the stick. Therefore it's not ok when whites are discriminated against (DeWit 1996, 1). Two wrongs don't make a right. Therefore, affirmative action doesn't make discrimination ok just because it's against blacks instead of whites. Affirmative action in college is the most discriminating thing this country has ever seen since the Jim Crow laws many years ago (Buchanan 1995, 1). At ivy league colleges the median GPA of applicants is close to 4.0 and S.A.T.'s are close to 1300, minorities are let in with GPA's less than 3.0 and S.A.T.'s less than 1000 (D'Souza 1990, 231). The only way for colleges to achieve ethnic proportionalism is to downplay or abandon merit criteria and to accept students from typically under represented groups, such as blacks, hispanics, and american indians, over better qualified students from among whites and asian americans (D'Souza 1990, 231). Obviously, affirmative action is allowing undereducated citizens to get into college when the people that are qualified aren't getting accepted when they should. When we passed the equal opportunities law, it didn't mean treat different races differently, it means we should treat all people as equals, affirmative action doesn't treat everyone as equals (Hacker 1990, 229). If we lower acceptance standards for minorities, we should lower standards for everyone. Since nobody would do that we should raise the standard for minorities. In addition, if affirmative action gets its way, it will do more harm than good. Affirmative action will only work short term because if you hire a minority that's under qualified they'll eventually get fired. Also, you can only hire so many people, eventually you'll get too much under qualified people working for you and you'll eventually have to abandon affirmative action all together. Also, affirmative action doesn't work because it doesn't change anything (Keyes 1996, 1). If there is racism in today's modern age, then racism will always be present and affirmative action won't work. In addition if we need to discriminate against white people to give minorities jobs now, it won't change. Giving someone a job won't do any good in making the quality of life of minorities better. Just because you enroll more minorities in your college, doesn't mean you're making the playing field even. When someone isn't good enough to get into a certain college, they're out of their l! eague when they get in. Only 15% of black and 22% of hispanic affirmative action students accepted to Berkeley in 1987 graduated (D'Souza 1990, 233). To give minorities a better life "we have to fix the moral decay caused by the absence of two parent families to help minorities" (Keyes 1996, 1). Affirmative action is also insulting to minorities because they may feel they have to be helped out just to get a job (Steele 1990, 37). A minority that benefits

Vicarious Leisure Class Essays

Vicarious Leisure Class Essays Vicarious Leisure Class Paper Vicarious Leisure Class Paper Living the Lifestyle of a Celebrity: Conspicuous Consumption within the Leisure Class In Thorstein Veblen’s, The Theory of the Leisure Class which was first published in 1899, Veblen identifies a problem in our society for which many did not see. Veblen described society as a division of classes, one of these classes as he described as the â€Å"leisure class† or what we know today as the wealthier, upper class. In this book, Veblen describes society, and the economy, through the leisure class and analyzes their lifestyle through his time. The leisure class is a predatory culture and harmful to society, he explains, a leisure class has emerged from a â€Å"peaceable to a consistently warlike habit of life† (Veblen 7). Through this predatory class, Veblen describes various terms associated with the lifestyle of the leisure class, conspicuous consumption, vicarious leisure, and conspicuous leisure are only few terms he uses. These terms and the study of different lifestyles in different stages of development are described throughout this book, to explain the competitiveness and harm for which the upper class has brought to our society. In this paper, I will describe and discuss Veblen’s terms and lifestyles of the leisure class, how it relates to Karl Marx and his theories in society, and also similarities in which Veblen’s description of the leisure class is seen today. According to Veblen, the leisure class developed during the barbarian era, more specifically during the transition from savagery to barbarism, which also brought a more warlike community. Veblen argued that these warlike characteristics emerged through the leisure class; the members of this class were mostly men. During this time, hunting and gathering was the primary labor work, which was mostly employed by men of the leisure class. Veblen explains that even though this type of work provided food, farming and other work was more productive than hunting and gathering. The leisure class took over these warfare positions and prevented individuals of the lower class from learning to fight or owning weapons, this is when the leisure class started to gain their power and other classes started to rely and depend on the leisure class. In the predatory culture, this time of employment becomes only a form welcome to the upper class, this is what Veblen describes as conspicuous leisure, these individuals are wealthy enough to avoid work and engage in a type of lifestyle for which no other class can live. Individuals of conspicuous leisure don’t necessarily have to work because they already have the money. Veblen explains the individual’s time is â€Å"consumed non-productively (1) from a sense of the unworthiness of productive work, and (2) as an evidence of pecuniary ability to afford a life of idleness† (Veblen 23). During this time the leisure class started to emerge and the divisions of class’s were becoming more known to society. Similar to Veblen, Karl Marx also believed society was made up of class divisions. He explained his theory of class division through â€Å"proletariats† (have nots) and â€Å"bourgeoisie† (haves). The proletariats were those of the poorer class, which had nothing and the bourgeoisie were the wealthier class that had everything; these individuals would be considered the leisure class. Like the bourgeoisie, Veblen explained that individuals of the leisure class were expected to have almost everything, from servants to luxuries goods, this type of conspicuous consumption defined their status within the leisure class. These individuals of the leisure class can afford servants however the â€Å"real† leisure class, or the individuals at the top of the leisure class, can afford servants and also servants who do nothing. Marx believed that â€Å"class exploitation takes place when the labor power of one man is the property of another (Romero et al. . Marx theory is shown through servants of the leisure class. â€Å"Class Exploitation† is seen in the leisure class when the labor of servants is the property of those of the leisure class, â€Å"there supervenes a division of labour among the servants or dependents whose life is spent in maintaining the honour of the gentleman of leisure† (Veblen 63). Servants are only one factor that shows the wealth of the leisure class. According to Veblen, a member of the leisure class is known to show off his/her earnings. This type of behavior goes all the way back to the barbarian era when men showed off trophies, weapons, and other ideal possessions, â€Å"the last evidence of productive labour is its material product- commonly some article of consumption† (Veblen 44). The leisure class must have certain goods or items to gain fulfillment. This is similar to Karl Marx’s â€Å"false consciousness† which is described as a â€Å"sense of common identification with members of the same class† (Romero et al. ). False consciousness† is seen in the leisure class, regarding Veblen’s conspicuous consumption, the leisure class must consume certain items to be â€Å"happy† this is not necessarily known and explained however within every member of the leisure class they must have certain things to live happily in the upper class. Veblen defined this behavior within the leisure class in Chapter 6, â€Å"Pecuniary Canons of Taste†, â€Å"as it is a desire to live up to the conventional standard of decency in the amount and grade of goods consumed† (Veblen 102). He explains that the standard of living is keeping up with the others of one’s personal class. For example, if a neighbor buys a new car, you may go buy a new car just to keep up. â€Å"Each class envies and emulates the class next above it in the social scale, while it rarely compares itself with those below or with those who are considerably in advanced† (Veblen 104). Veblen defines the divisions of labor and that one whom competes with a higher class, through material may not be able to afford some materials of the higher class, and competing with a lower class is not striving for increasing achievement, so individuals stay within their class and compete with those whom are a little bit higher than them in the social structure. Marx defines this theory of â€Å"false consciousness† as something for which the individual does not necessarily notice, however it occurs. Like Marx, Veblen describes this standard of living as a habit, it’s something an individual is immune to and becomes a lifestyle, to which the individual does not realize they are constantly competing to keep up with the same lifestyles as others. â€Å"A standard of living is of the nature of habit. It is a habitual scale and method of responding to given stimuli† (Veblen 106). The longer the habit, the harder it is to let go, so one is constantly trying to keep up with class, society, and the standard of living. To keep up with the standard of living, individuals, mostly of the leisure class, will constantly continue to consume luxuries items and even though they are constantly consuming new items, the individual never seeks satisfaction; this refers to what Veblen describes as â€Å"chronic dissatisfaction†. This term is defined as always wanting more, one is never satisfied with what they have so they are constantly needing more (Veblen 31). Chronic dissatisfaction is a continuous cycle once one earns or receives something they just strive for the next thing. Chad Ochocinco is a NFL football player, who is constantly striving for more. He pursued modeling, then acting, and now has his second television series, and a video game. Ochocinco is an example of chronic dissatisfaction, although he has money and a career he wants more, after receiving a television series, he continued to strive for another one and added on a video game (â€Å"Wiki:Ochocinco†). Like Ochocinco, many individuals of the leisure class, continue to need more, this includes luxuries and other items. This type of consumption leads to another one of Veblen’s arguments of conspicuous consumption, which is when one consumes various goods, the best of food, and luxuries to show off one’s earnings. Conspicuous consumption is seen in our society today, this type of behavior does not just exist within the leisure class, however throughout every class and individual in our society. The want to consume is nothing new, we work and live to consume, we are what we consume. As seen with celebrities today, they consume the best cars, the best clothes, the biggest houses. Veblen explains a man of wealth â€Å"consumes freely and of the best, in food, drink, narcotics, shelter, services, ornaments, apparel, weapons, and accoutrements, amusements, amulets, and idols or divinities (Veblen 73). This type of consumption is what Veblen describes as â€Å"conspicuous waste†, the manner in which people dress is always seen and noticed, especially when celebrities are displaying them. With conspicuous consumption, the consumption and wealth must be displayed and noticed. As seen on the television show â€Å" Mtv Cribs† many celebrities, who are members of the leisure class, show off their homes, cars, clothes, and other items. Veblen argues this is harmful to our society, these luxuries and types of consumption are only for the leisure class, and one is expected to live this certain lifestyle in order to keep their standing in the leisure class. A man of the leisure class must consume certain goods and give away certain types of rewards or gifts to with hold his position within the leisure class. One example of conspicuous consumption he gives, which is seen today, is the consumption of â€Å"intoxicating beverages or narcotics†, which members of the leisure class are known to consume (Veblen 70). Like Grey Goose and Jose Cuervo, many celebrities only drink the top self alcohol. Also, many celebrities are getting involved in alcohol or drug related crimes, however we still honor them. For example, Lil Wayne, Michael Vick, Lindsay Lohan, and Paris Hilton are only a few celebrities who were convicted of criminal charges, yet are still in the lime light today. Paris Hilton was convicted of driving under the influence (DUI) in 2006, and charge in 2007. In 2007, Hilton was sentenced to 45 days in jail for violating her probation, â€Å"according to prosecutors, she fail to enroll in an alcohol education course by mid-April 2007, and was stopped for two more traffic violations, including driving with a suspended license† (â€Å"Wiki:Paris Hilton†). After these incidents took place, Paris Hilton continued to live vicariously through the leisure class, from initially earning her fortune from her great-grandfather’s wealth, (Conrad Hilton, founder of Hilton Hotels) she continues to be a social icon, with her own hit television show, â€Å"Paris’s BFF†, as well as, her role as an actor in several movies, singer, model, and author (â€Å"Wiki: Paris Hilton†). Like Paris Hilton, many members of the leisure class are still honored and have status after criminal offenses, or drug/alcohol related mistakes. These celebrities are idols and influence our society, this is another reason Veblen argues the leisure class can be harmful to our society, â€Å"drunkness and the other pathological consequences of the free use of stimulants therefore tend in their turn to become honorific† (Veblen 70). The â€Å"emergence of the leisure class coincides with the beginning of ownership† (Veblen 22). During the barbarian stages, women became a form of ownership. Women were seen as a status symbol, a trophy wife, for which men of the leisure class could own and show off. When we own people, we own material or production, so by owning something one can exploit his earnings. Like ownership, most women of the leisure class are considered â€Å"vicarious leisure†. Veblen’s â€Å"vicarious leisure† is defined as people who live the life as though they are a member of the leisure class however don’t get all the material that comes with it because they are living through the wealthy. Throughout the barbarian stages, men were considered the breadwinner and worked while the women stayed at home while women were considered to live through their spouses. The women of the household were not suppose to work and were expected to be more â€Å"showy† about their leisure than men, they were expected to be beautiful and represent the household’s wealth. Like women, Veblen claims many individuals of the leisure class receive their wealth from their ancestors and get wealth without even working for it, â€Å"wealth acquired passively by transmission from ancestors or other antecedents presently becomes even more honorific than wealth acquired by the possessor’s own effort† (Veblen 29). Like mentioned earlier, celebrity Paris Hilton received her wealth through her great grandfather, Conrad Hilton whom was the founder of Hilton hotels. Through his wealth, Paris Hilton had a very wealthy childhood. She was born in New York, and moved to several different homes, including the homes in Manhattan, Beverly Hills, and the Hamptons, which are all very upper class locations (â€Å"Wiki: Paris Hilton†). Hilton had all the references to succeed and was not obligated to work. Like Hilton, Veblen describes these types of individuals within the leisure class, he refers to the leisure class as â€Å"waste†, meaning the leisure class does not contribute to society or the world as a whole, â€Å"does not serve human life or human well-being on the whole† (Veblen 97). Hilton pursued her career in modeling, eventually getting signed with Donald Trump’s model agency and appearing in various magazines (â€Å"Wiki: Paris Hilton†). Hilton’s career as a model, is an example of Veblen’s view on waste in the leisure class, pictures of Hilton in various magazines has no specific benefit to our society however only benefits her and her status, and wealth within the leisure class. According to Wikipedia, in September 2009, Hilton’s quote in one of her books, â€Å"Dress cute wherever you go, life is too short to blend in† was added to The Oxford Dictionary of Quotations. Similar to Hilton, many celebrities and women care a lot about what they wear and how they dress. In Veblen’s chapter, â€Å"Dress as an Expression of the Pecuniary Culture† he describes how dress is an example of conspicuous waste, and how most women express their leisure through clothing. Like many celebrities and individuals of the leisure class the point of having nice clothes is to show them off, â€Å"our dress, therefore, in order to serve its purpose effectually, should not only be expensive, but it should also make plain to all observers that the wearer is not engaged in any kind of productive labour† (Veblen 170). This type of clothing is not used for protection or comfort yet its primary purpose is for show. Many women of the leisure class wear heels to work, especially women who are considered celebrities are constantly wearing heels wherever they go. Veblen explains that for a women to wear heels to work is unnecessary and â€Å"even the simplest and most necessary work extremely difficult† (Veblen 171). Today, dressing and fashion of the leisure class is very evident and is expected, however this is nothing new, this expensive and uncomfortable clothing for women goes very far back. The corset is, in economic theory, substantially a mutilation, undergone for the purpose of lowering the subject’s vitality and rendering her permanently and obviously unfit for work† (Veblen 172). The corset is only one example that Veblen gives, however this piece of clothing is the most constricting, and is only worn for show, ignoring the discomfort of the clothing. Veblen also continues to argue that the fashion and clothing styles change with the seasons and also are different in various areas. It’s amazing for one to see that this was the case during Veblen’s time because this is very true today. With winter, comes scarf’s, boots, and sweaters while summer women tend to wear shorts, cut off shirts, ect. Veblen also explains that the urban areas are more involved in fashion changes than the rural areas, meaning the wealthier communities have greater amounts of conspicuous waste in their clothing. New York City is one example of Veblen’s argument, this city is known for fashion and most women in New York City are examples of dress as a conspicuous waste. Sex in the City† was a huge television series and movie, about four women who lived in New York City and engaged in the fashion world. Through these four women, one can see the effects of an urban area on the style of dress needed to fit into the city. In the first â€Å"Sex and the City† movie, Carrie after a breaking it off with her boyfriend and buying very expensive shoes she expl ains, â€Å"It’s really hard to walk in a single woman’s shoes- that’s why you sometimes need really special shoes†. As in Veblen’s time, society is still using dress as a conspicuous consumption, which is more evident in women than men. If an individual is wearing cheap clothing, this can be considered unworthy by some, and those who wear expensive clothing are seen to be of the wealthier class. Dress as a conspicuous waste is seen as a spiritual need. For example church, when a family is getting dressed for church they tend to dress up in formal clothing. Veblen describes the need for this type of dress for spiritual reasoning is â€Å"not wholly, nor even chiefly, a naive propensity for display of expenditure† (Veblen 168). Veblen’s theory of leisure class is still in existence today and has a huge influence on our society as a whole. Today, the leisure class is taking over the media and is the idols and the people for which society looks up to, they are considered the successful individuals of society, the wealthy. Before reading Veblen’s book, I never thought the upper class, or now as I call it the leisure class, as harmful to society, however now it seems as though this standard of living and conspicuous leisure and consumption is harming our communities and the way individuals of our society live their lives. Conspicuous consumption is seen in every division of class, not just the leisure class. Each class is striving among themselves to be better than the other. One example Veblen uses in the book, is the use of silver spoons, explaining that many individuals of the leisure class use articles of gold, even though there are spoons for which are made from machines which are cheaper, and in most cases are more useful and better. However, the beauty and price of these expensive items are the reasoning behind this conspicuous consumption. Like Veblen’s example, this is seen in our society today, from decorations in a person’s home, to their cars, to their style of clothing, ect. Our society has grown to constantly be involved in conspicuous consumption and compete with others of the same class. Veblen was definitely correct with his ‘Theory of the Leisure Class’ and his theory is still very present today. I was surprised to see how present the leisure class was in pre-historic times and how similar the behavior of the leisure class is to the leisure class today. However, without the leisure class, and competitive society, I’m not sure if our society would be as successful as it is today. Many individuals strive for success because of the competitive drive and competition within our society. So maybe the leisure class and the competitive factors within the division of classes is good for the society, or maybe Veblen’s theory is right and the leisure class is actually harmful to our society and world as a whole. Veblen, Thorstein. The Theory of the Leisure Class. NewYork: Peguin, 1899. Print David Ashley, David Michael Orenstein. Sociology Theory: Classical Theory. Boston: Pearson, 2005. Print Romero, Rachel. Sociology 230: Classical Theory. Texas Aamp;M University. College Station, TX: August-November, 2010. Lecture Wikipedia: Paris Hiltion. Wikimedia Foundation Inc. Web. 21 November 2010. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Paris_Hilton. E2. 80. 9306:_As_an_author Wikipedia: Chad Ochocinco. Wikimedia Foundation Inc. Web. 20 November 2010 http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Chad_Ochocinco Paris Hilton’s DUI Charges. Find Law. Web. 2010 http://news. findlaw. com/cnn/docs/ent/cahilton92606cmp. html Bushnell, Candace. Sex and the City. Part One. New York, 2008. Movie Thorstein Veblen. Academic Search Complete (ESBCO). Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th Edition. July 1, 2010. Print.

Risk & Return Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Risk & Return - Assignment Example The term business risk is used to refer to the uncertainty associated with the future projections or expectations that company holds in relation to the returns from the business (Besley, 2008). This risk is calculated either on the basis of assets or it may be calculated in terms of equity. In other words an organization tries to identify the return or loss it will face by investing a certain amount of money in assets or the return the company will gain by investing money that it has obtained through the measure of equity financing. If an organization does not obtain money from external sources and only obtains money from internal shareholders, the business risk is calculated in terms of the risks associated with organization’s own operations. The level of business risk an organization experiences is dependent on the stability of its operations. A business is said to have stable operation when organization experiences a steady flow of sales and purchases over a long period of time and there are lower chances that there will be any changes in these trends. A business is said to have unstable operations when the demand and supply of that business is difficult to predict or keeps on changing. For example: a power supplying monopoly is said to have lower risk of business since it is the only supplier and consumers do not have different options to choose from so its sales may not decline or fluctuate in the long run. A business that has stable operations is said to have lower business risk because it can easily meet its debt requirements in future through its sales and returns. On the other hand, a business that is unstable may not be able to meet its debt requirements on time and that is why such a business is said to have a higher business risk. An organization’s financial is risk is denoted as the risk that an organization experiences other than its business risk and is

The Road to Hell Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Road to Hell - Essay Example They credited his actions for dynamic liberal regionalization program that led to success of the timely regionalization policy due to the good relation with the government (Gareth 817). The government had close relationship with Barracannia that later made it to be independent that contributed to critical and challenging attitude towards the role of foreign interest. The story of Road to Hell tries to evaluate peoples views towards issues related to racism in modern days. Issues related to racism is not easy to be solved using legalistic approaches, therefore, it requires deeper research and understanding to give pure proves that the human discrimination in relation to sex, skin color, origin has brought some major issues within a community, organization and even the societies. The story tries to explain how people from different cultures and backgrounds do not always take issues of diversity into consideration. Majority estimates each other by their own scales and perceptions that always lead to conflicts due to misunderstanding. According to the story, Baker appears to be a racist. However, people need to be educated on human right to be sensitive enough to have the feeling and immediate support should be provided to the victims by listening their views carefully and respect them.The main cause of racial discrimination has led to cross cultural misinterpretation that occurs when a person gives meaning to observation and their relationship (Adler 8). Some group see themselves superior than others which makes them have power to carry out racist. According to Pierce on Critical Race Theory, he came up with â€Å"one must not look for the gross and obvious† say that tried to explain the accumulation of today’s racism (Web). With reference to this theory, Baker has been viewed as a racist because Rennalls was correct in his evaluation between them and the acceptance of Rennalls

Equity and Trusts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Equity and Trusts - Essay Example This is because, it is expected that for a transfer to be effective, the share transfer form should be filled in, and then submitted to the company, for the completion of the share transfer process in the name of the new shareholder3. However, the ruling in the case Penningon v Waine EWCA CIV 227 [2002] ignored this maxim, and instead pitched the ruling on the intended actions of the transferor. This makes the principle of unconscionability vague in that; as the ruling provided in the case Tunkl v. Regents of the University of California, [1963], it is not possible to effectively establish the intentions of the transferor at the time of his/her death. The principle of unconscionability operates on the basis of three concepts, which are exploitation of weakness, duress and undue influence4. The holds that if any transfer is effected on the basis of any of the three concepts, where the transferor was forced to undertake the action out of severe pressure being exerted on him/her, then t he law, as was provided in the case Williams v. Walker-Thomas Furniture Co. [1965], considers such a transfer as unconscionable, since it was undertaken contrary to the good conscious of the transferor, thus making such a transfer ineffective5. In such a case, the ruling considers the exertion of pressure that arises from the beneficiary of the contract, and thus nullifies the agreement on the basis of the transferor having been forced to undertake an action that was against his or her conscious will. However, the law is silent regarding the exertion of pressure on a transferor by circumstances which are entirely outside the defendant’s control, and thus the pressure arising from a non-beneficiary is not provided a remedy6. Therefore, owing to the silent nature of the law regarding the action to be undertaken in case of the exertion of pressure by a third party, the law becomes vague and unspecific, which then renders the judgment made in application of the principle of uncon scionability not a good law. The principle of unconscionability was established in the Re Rose [1952], where the court observed that if everything had been done to transfer the title from the transferor to the transferee, but a delay has be caused by the operation of the law, then the gift of transfer still remains effective, as long as the transfer is not affected by the contrary conscious will of the transferor7. This provision pitches the validity of the delay on the routine operation of the law8. However, in the case Penningon v Waine EWCA CIV 227 [2002], the delay was caused by the failure of Mr. Pennington to submit the transfer form to the company, and thus the delay in this case does not fit into the routine operation of the law9. Therefore, the ruling under the case Penningon v Waine EWCA CIV 227 [2002], was not undertaken on the basis of the legal delay, but out of a mistake that emanated from the representative of the company’s auditors. However, the explanation gi ven by Lord Justice Arden in this case was that it would have been unconscionable for Ada, the transferor in this case, to change her

Natural Rights Theory

Natural Rights Theory Natural rights are perceived as the inherent and original rights of human nature, which equally belong to all men without exception, and which are possessed solely because of their human condition.ÂÂ  They are held to stem from a concept of natural law, whatever definition may be attributed to the term. The theory of natural law and natural rights of man is, however, an obscure one. It seems a strange law, which is unwritten, has never been enacted, may even be observed without penalty, and imposes peculiar rights which are entitled prior to all specific claims within an organised society. It may be just an example of social mythology, but such an idea is still intriguing. For, to disregard it completely is to deny all its evident psychological, political and legal effects, and to adopt it fully is to be blind to mans own imperfections. That men are entitled to make certain claims by virtue simply of their common humanity has been equally passionately defended and vehemently den ied.[Â  [1]Â  ] H. L. A. Hart once asserted that if there are any moral rights at all, it follows that there is at least one natural right, the equal right of all men to be free.[Â  [2]Â  ] And the proposition that all men have natural rights or rights as human beings is found explicitly in the theories of Thomas Aquinas and John Locke, implicitly in the moral and political philosophy of Immanuel Kant, and at least problematic in the writings of Thomas Hobbes. At the level of practise, it is expressed not only in the rhetoric but in the constitutional innovations of the American and French Revolutions, stating that the end in view of every political association is the preservation of the natural and imprescriptable rights of man.[Â  [3]Â  ] When the ordinary citizen acts as a living and protesting individual, challenging the dictates of existing governments when and if he finds them oppressive, he is appealing to the very same values of freedom and equality among men, and in which social differe nces simply vanish, leaving the solitary individual with his essential human nature. Both conservative and socialist thinkers, however, have attempted to deny such claims, and instead assert the interests of the community as more important than those of the individual. As Karl Marx would put it, none of the so-called rights of man goes beyond egoistic man, an individual withdrawn behind his private interests and whims and separated from the community.[Â  [4]Â  ] The same idea and the same controversies have dominated political debates in the twentieth century regarding governmental practises. The importance of a persons rights to individuality and freedom from interference is central to the moral and political theories of such subjectivist thinkers as J. L. Mackie and David Hume. However, by no one has the theory of natural rights ever been properly justified or denied, or at least not as it has been defined and debated. Questions are then posed as to, why people should suppose that they have natural rights independent of the laws and governments of any existing society? If, for example, the laws of a society condemn a human being to slavery, how would his claim (if any) that freedom is a natural right of man be justified? And, if it could be said that there is an essential aspect of human nature which determines mans free status, a natural law which applies to all men, something in man which governs the relations of human beings independently of the laws of all particular societies, how can such natural facts be discovered if they have never been confirmed by observation? The answer may be contained in the proposition that man uniquely possesses the powers of reason. Thus, Roman lawyers, who were not the first to discuss natural law or natural rights, but the first to posit the theory defensibly, conceived of it as an ideal or standard, not yet completely exemplified in any existing legal code, but also as a standard fixed by nature to be discovered and gradually applied by men.[Â  [5]Â  ] It is a standard not created or conferred by mans voluntary action, but by nature, or God, and which all men have if they are capable of rational choice. According to Thomas Hobbes, the state of nature in which man lived before the social contract was a war of every Man against every Man,[Â  [6]Â  ] a condition of internecine strife in which the life of man was solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short.[Â  [7]Â  ] Thomas Hobbes believed that self-preservation was the great lesson of natural law and that law and government would become necessary as a means of promoting order and personal security. For each citizen to preserve his own life, he must give absolute and unconditional obedience to the law. Hobbes political theory is best understood if separate in two parts: his theory of Human Motivation, Psychological Egoism, and his theory of the Social Contract. The direction of this assessment will look exclusively to Hobbes theory of Social Contract. The social contract is used by Hobbes in defense of absolutism and is thus used to justify authoritarian government. Hobbes own goal was to rule out the legitimacy of civil rebellion and thus to eliminate the possibility of civil war, which he regarded as the greatest of evils. Hobbes informs us that we should infer the characteristics of political obligation from the intention of him that submitteth himself to his power, which is to be understood by the end for which he so submitteth.[Â  [8]Â  ] The use of a social contract to construct a natural rights doctrine is articulated most fully in the writings of John Locke.[Â  [9]Â  ] To Locke the state of nature that preceded the social contract was not, as conceived by Hobbes, one of brutal horror, but rather a golden age, an Eden before the Fall. In the state of nature, men have the right to freedom from interference by others and in turn a correlative duty to refrain from interfering in the life of others. However, at the same time, all men may be restrained from invading others rights, and from doing hurt to one another, the execution of the law of nature and preservation of individual natural rights is put into every mans hands, whereby everyone has a right to punish the transgressors of that law to such degree, as may hinder its violation.[Â  [10]Â  ] Men have an obligation to preserve to the best of their ability the life, liberty and property to which others also have natural rights, as long as his own preservation comes not in competition.[Â  [11]Â  ] In moving from the state of nature to that of civil society, man carries with him the natural rights and some of the authority he had in that state of autonomy. There are certain powers, however, that man gives up in subjecting himself to civil authority. He gives up that power he had to do whatever he sees fit for the preservation of his life, since this power is to be regulated by the laws made by society. Man therefore signs a social contract, surrendering the power of punishing, which is to be so far disposed of by the legislative, as the good of society shall require. But he never surrenders his rights, and thus government is obliged to secure everyones property [liberty, life and possessions], by providing against those defects that made the state of nature so unsafe and uneasy.[Â  [12]Â  ] Man did not enter society to become worse than he was before, but only to have his natural rights better secured. When social contract theorists talk of the rights which men enjoyed in the state of nature, they are in effect saying what men ought to enjoy in any society, that all men ought to be free, independent of their social condition. Words like freedom and equality represented for the advocates of natural rights what they considered to be the fundamental moral and social values, which should be realised in any society of rational citizens. These values, and hence natural rights, in the social contract, are the basis for rights embedded in the clauses of constitutions. The fundamental purpose of law is therefore considered to be the protection of individual rights. In reality, however, positive laws of society are somewhat imperfect. Until a law was enacted in order to abolish slavery, slaves ought to have been free but clearly were not. Even though man seemed to be entitled by nature to natural rights, which might be denied to him by the positive laws of existing societies, the natural law and natural rights were impotent. The Social Contract approach to natural law culminated in the writing of Jean-Jacques Rousseau. As Barker has noted: Rousseau is a Janus-like figure in the history of natural law. He turns to it and belongs to it, he turns away from it and it belongs elsewhere.[Â  [13]Â  ] There are two distinct social contract theories by Rousseau. The first one is, Discourse on the Origin and Foundations of Inequality Among Men, usually referred to as the Second Discourse, and is a relation of the moral and political evolution of human beings over time, from a State of Nature to modern society. As such it contains his naturalized description of the social contract, which he sees as very problematic. The second is his normative or idealized theory of the social contract, and is meant to provide the means by which to lighten the problems that modern society has created for us, as laid out in the Second Discourse. Rousseaus idea of a state of nature is closer to Lockes than Hobbes, though without Lockes emphasis on the sanctity of property. Rousseau, the social contract is a mystical construct by which the individual merges into the community and becomes part of the general will. Preferably the people should govern themselves. But, as he acknowledged, it is unimaginable that the people should remain continually assembled to devote their time to public affairs.[Â  [14]Â  ] Law is the register of general will. Government can only be tolerated so long as it accurately reflects the general will. On the other hand, Rousseau insists that whoever refuses to obey the general will shall be compelled to do so by the whole body: he will be forced to be free.[Â  [15]Â  ] What Rousseau is saying is that disobedience is morally illegitimate because it constitutes a failure to discharge a moral obligation a citizen incurred when acting as a citizen. Rousseau is, however, refusing to draw a distinction be tween law and morality: the general will is the moral will of each citizen. Rousseaus social contract theories outline a single, consistent view of our moral and political situation. We are gifted with freedom and equality by nature, but our nature has been contaminated by our contingent social history. We can overcome this sleaze, however, by calling upon our free will to reconstitute ourselves politically, along strongly democratic principles, which is good for us, both individually and collectively. [Â  [16]Â  ] If morality is not to be discovered but to be made, one may say that there are no real natural rights as described above by Lockes theories. Natural events cannot tell us what we ought to do until we have made certain decisions. Whether moved by reason or sentiment, or both, standards of behaviour are determined by human choice, not set by nature independently of men. And no man can have any valid rights in the absence of a society. That is not to argue in favour of the communitarian point of view that there can be no individual rights but it is to assert that human beings need one another in order to fully exercise all their rights. One may say that someone has the right to life only because someone else might have the power to kill him. For, if there were no else in the universe, there would be no need for protection, there would be no need for rights. Human beings can only vindicate their rights in relation to others, for human beings can only live in relation to others. It can thus be concluded that (human) rights are the product of social conditions, of mans general desire for harmonious relations and his instinct of self-preservation in a community of different and often conflicting interests. Hence, neither can there be no natural rights, as understood to be ordained by God, or, as many libertarians would defend, to be discovered by reason. Rather, mens own imperfections have made individual rights a natural quality of human beings. If they are thought to originate outside of human nature and interactions, natural rights are defiable; but nonetheless, in day-to-day life, we simply assume that we have these human rights. It may be a product of human imagination, and it probably is but we like to think that they are real.

Carton?s Change Essays -- essays research papers

It is human nature to carry a beast deep down within oneself. Whether one chooses to control the beast or be controlled by it is an individual choice. He who makes a beast of himself gets rid of the pain of being a man. Most repress their inner rage, but some let it loose and lose that which makes them a human being. In the novel A tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens, Sydney Carton is not the man he initially appears to be. Sydney’s love for Lucie changed him greatly, and allowed him to become a better person. Sydney Carton’s final act of supreme courage in Paris is not an inspired emotional response, but a deliberate, carefully reasoned act. In the novel A Tale of Two Cities Sydney Carton drastically changes his life around and becomes a new man, which allows him to die with a clear conscience.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Sydney Carton is not the man he initially appears to be. Sydney is first described at Darnay’s trial as slouching and not paying attention to the proceedings of the court. He is portrayed as drunk, and even admits this to Darney at dinner. â€Å"’A last word, Mr. Darney: you think I am drunk? I think you have been drinking, Mr. Carton. Think? You know I have been drinking. Since I must say so, I know it. Then you shall likewise know why I am a disappointed drudge sir.’† (Dickens 91) Sydney feels that there is no hope for him, and that his life will never improve. Carton has much more potential, and could be so much more in life, yet he remains in the shadow of others happy to do the work of others. â€Å" Sydney had been working double tides that night, and the night before, and the night before that, and a good many nights in succession, making a grand clearance among Stryvers papers before the setting in of the long vacation. (Dickens 140) Carton has ma ny repressed feelings and memories, which he keeps hidden deep down within himself. He is a lonely man because of these repressed emotions and memories, which make Sydney turn toward drink.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The more Carton attempts to confront his problems, the more he resorts to recklessness and drinking. Sydney feels that no one cares for him, so he cannot care for another. â€Å"’I care for no man on earth and no man on earth cares for me.’† (Dickens 91) Carton’s memories of growing up without care eat away at him, and turn him away from other people, into solitude. Ca... ...ried away on the tumbrils to La Guillotine, he thinks philosophically about the future and even quotes a few scriptures. Before Carton is beheaded his mind becomes clear. He looks at his life and knows he is going to a far better place. â€Å"`It is a far, far better thing that I do, than I have ever done; it is a far, far better rest that I go to, than I have ever known.`† (Dickens 367) Carton’s carefully reasoned act of saving Charles Darnay was a truly heroic deed. Even though it was partly self-sacrifice, Carton still had a promise to uphold to Lucie and he wasn’t going to back out on it. Sydney Carton picks up the pieces of his broken life and becomes a new man, which allows him to die with a clear conscience at La Guillotine. Carton is not the man he is first portrayed to be. His love for Lucie allowed him to change greatly. Carton’s final act of supreme courage for Darnay and Lucie in Paris was not an inspired emotional response, but a deliberate, carefully reasoned act. Sydney Carton managed to drastically change his life. His Love for Lucie let him experience feelings that he had long suppressed. He became a compassionate individual, and died with a clear conscience.